Categories: Monarchy, NewsTags: birth of Tudor dynasty, Henry Tudor, Henry VII, Thomas Penn, Tudor dynasty, Winter King, Copyright 2023 The Anne Boleyn Files For instance, except for the first few months of the reign, the Baron Dynham and the Earl of Surrey were the only Lord High Treasurers throughout his reign. Present were exiles from Richards court, friends of Edward IVths queen, but King Richard was able to bribe the ageing Duke of Brittany to relinquish Henry in return for funds to fight an increasingly hostile French king, whereupon Henry Tudor flew to the French court for sanctuary. Henry VII, grown rich from Morton's Fork and other squeezes, was far from a bumpkin trying to break into the royal circles of western Europe--he was being courted, and he knew very well to play Castile (Hapsburg) and Aragon off against one another after Isabella died (and Catherine might very well have been packed off home to marry someone else, it was common). He took care not to address the baronage or summon Parliament until after his coronation, which took place in Westminster Abbey on 30 October 1485. [32], Next, in 1487, Yorkists led by Lincoln rebelled in support of Lambert Simnel, a boy they claimed to be Edward of Warwick (who was actually a prisoner in the Tower). The Field of Cloth of Gold: Royal Revelry. [30] Before departing for London, Henry sent Robert Willoughby to Sheriff Hutton in Yorkshire, to arrest Warwick and take him to the Tower of London. These laws were used shrewdly in levying fines upon those that he perceived as threats. The rebellion was defeated and Lincoln killed at the Battle of Stoke. Henry VII died on 21 April 1509, and the 17-year-old Henry succeeded him as king. For him, it was never about glory and battle. I don't read a lot of NF because I usually find it to be tedious, but The Winter King certainly wasn't that. 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However, with the help of the forces of his step-father, Lord Stanley, he defeated Richard and Richard was killed on the battlefield. For many he remained a usurper, a false king. [31] Despite such precautions, Henry faced several rebellions over the next twelve years. At any rate, the Wars of the Roses had ended with a victory by which the winner took all, and regardless of his somewhat dubious Plantagenet ancestry. [23] After his coronation Henry issued an edict that any gentleman who swore fealty to him would, notwithstanding any previous attainder, be secure in his property and person. [59][60][61], He was content to allow the nobles their regional influence if they were loyal to him. When he died, his only surviving son, Henry VIII, succeeded him without a breath of opposition. [6] Henry IV's action was of doubtful legality, as the Beauforts were previously legitimised by an Act of Parliament, but it weakened Henry's claim. This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers. He also enacted laws against livery and maintenance, the great lords' practice of having large numbers of "retainers" who wore their lord's badge or uniform and formed a potential private army. Henry showed remarkable clemency to the surviving rebels: he pardoned Kildare and the other Irish nobles, and he made the boy, Simnel, a servant in the royal kitchen where he was in charge of roasting meats on a spit. After his death, a commission found widespread abuses in the tax collection process. [citation needed] Following the example of Edward IV, Henry VII created a Council of Wales and the Marches for his son Arthur, which was intended to govern Wales and the Marches, Cheshire and Cornwall. This family took a dim view of Henry and it was John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, who instigated the first rebellion against him. All the powers of Europe doubted Henrys ability to survive, and most were willing to shelter claimants against him. [22] Thus, anyone who had fought for Richard against him would be guilty of treason and Henry could legally confiscate the lands and property of Richard III, while restoring his own. Henry marries Catherine of Aragon. Though this was not achieved during his reign, the marriage eventually led to the union of the English and Scottish crowns under Margaret's great-grandson, James VI and I, following the death of Henry's granddaughter Elizabeth I. Annoyingly, much of the most interesting stuff concerns his son, and whenever Penn comments intelligently on how the events here affected the future Henry VIII's reign I found myself perking up such as the suggestion that Henry VII's marriage to Elizabeth was the kind of marriage that their second son, Prince Henry, would spend his whole life trying to find. He passed laws against "livery" (the upper classes' flaunting of their adherents by giving them badges and emblems) and "maintenance" (the keeping of too many male "servants"). Elizabeth did get pregnant, but then went into premature labour. (ROYAL HISTORY) Directors Stuart Elliott Genres Documentary, International Subtitles English [CC] Audio languages English. At Rennes Cathedral on Christmas Day 1483, Henry pledged to marry Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of Edward IV. Stanleys betrayal led to a complete security overhaul and his privy chamber going into lockdown. Quite ambitious in nature, Thomas Penn attempts to write a portrait of Henry VII and his reign. [49] The confused, fractious nature of Breton politics undermined his efforts, which finally failed after three sizeable expeditions, at a cost of 24,000. 'Meeting between Francis I and Henry VIII at the Field of Cloth of Gold on 7 June 1520,' a painting by Friedrich August Bouterwek. The Great Debasement (1544-1551) was a currency debasement policy introduced in 1544 England under the order of Henry VIII which saw the amount of precious metal in gold and silver coins reduced and in some cases replaced entirely with cheaper base metals such as copper. [8], In 1456, Henry's father Edmund Tudor was captured while fighting for Henry VI in South Wales against the Yorkists. Get help and learn more about the design. To be notified of special offers, news, new courses, and new tutors, please subscribe to our newsletter. 3.5 Stars. He was supported in this effort by his chancellor, Archbishop John Morton, whose "Morton's Fork" was a catch-22 method of ensuring that nobles paid increased taxes: those nobles who spent little must have saved much, and thus could afford the increased taxes; in contrast, those nobles who spent much obviously had the means to pay the increased taxes. England had been ravaged for decades by conspiracy, violence, murders, coups and countercoups. The wedding was a triumph but in April 1502 a messenger brought the King the news that his eldest son had died of sweating sickness. [41] Henry also increased wealth by acquiring land through the act of resumption of 1486 which had been delayed as he focused on defence of the Church, his person and his realm. Henry VII: Winter King was aired last night on BBC2 and was the latest programme in BBC2s Tudor Court Season. This battle saw the end of the Wars of the Roses which had brought instability to England. [9] He took it, as well as the standard of St. George, on his procession through London after the victory at Bosworth. Philip had been shipwrecked on the English coast, and while Henry's guest, was bullied into an agreement so favourable to England at the expense of the Netherlands that it was dubbed the Malus Intercursus ("evil agreement"). The King, normally a reserved man who rarely showed much emotion in public unless angry, surprised his courtiers by his intense grief and sobbing at his son's death, while his concern for the Queen is evidence that the marriage was a happy one, as is his reaction to Queen Elizabeth's death the following year, when he shut himself away for several days, refusing to speak to anyone. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! $14.97 1 Used from $14.96 3 New from $14.97. I had an idea Henry VII was a force for stability; in fact he was a terrifying kleptocrat, abusing the law with arbitrary fines and imprisonment, scheming to effectively steal entire estates and wring every penny out of subjects as well as impose political control through financial means. It's difficult to get a handle on Henry VII. Henry, recognizing that Simnel had been a mere dupe, employed him in the royal kitchens. [69] The wedding never took place, and the physical description Henry sent with his ambassadors of what he desired in a new wife matched the description of his wife Elizabeth. Rarely was a father's reign so widely disparaged and disowned on the accession of the son. What are the differences between Henry VII and Henry VIII? Wow, it was like being battered by facts without remission for good intentions. Indeed he was born in winter, on January 28th 1457, in Pembroke Castle, in Wales and that is one of the reasons why the Welsh dragon always formed part of his insignia. [34], When the King's agents searched the property of William Stanley (Chamberlain of the Household, with direct access to Henry VII) they found a bag of coins amounting to around 10,000 and a collar of livery with Yorkist garnishings. The whole system was ingeniously designed to ensure the unchallenged supremacy of the king while stamping out any challenges to his authority from the nobles, merchants, and commons. Henry was devastated. This is why he named the book the Winter King. [77][78] His mother died two months later on 29 June 1509. He was a ruler to be feared, a ruler to be paid. Poor Henry VII. We know that Henry attended the wedding celebrations of Arthur and his bride . The Treaty of Redon was signed in February 1489 between Henry and representatives of Brittany. Henry's father, Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, a half-brother of Henry VI of England and a member of the Welsh Tudors of Penmynydd, died three months before his son Henry was born. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. [43] According to the contemporary historian Polydore Vergil, simple "greed" underscored the means by which royal control was over-asserted in Henry's final years. Early life Much of the ruthless machinery of control was designed to deal with ongoing challenged like pretenders and Yorkist sleepers and expats. Luther made a protest against the Catholic practice of Indulgences. Henry VIII Books Exploring the Best Books on Englands Most Infamous King, 18 February 1516 The birth of Queen Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. His father was the son of Owen Tudor, a Welsh squire, and Catherine of France, the widow of King Henry V. His mother was the great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, whose children by Catherine Swynford were born before he married her. That is, suspicious, insecure and crafty but also determined, patient and fiercely proud of his Lancastrian ancestry. Some of it is due to his personality--he played his cards close to the vest, unlike his son--and some of it is due to Tudor spin--they were, after all trying to bolster up the royal credentials for a man who didn't have that many. Its restoration by the Magnus Intercursus was very much to England's benefit in removing taxation for English merchants and significantly increasing England's wealth. Henry VII was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII. Detailed Information. Henry VII, also called (1457-85) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (1485-1509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty. Moneywise, King Henry the VII was frugal and careful with money. Philip died shortly after the negotiations. Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 11 February 1503) was Queen of England from her marriage to King Henry VII on 18 January 1486 until her death. Accordingly, he arranged a papal dispensation from Pope Julius II for Prince Henry to marry his brother's widow Catherine, a relationship that would have otherwise precluded marriage in the Church. Alison Weir points out that the Rennes ceremony, two years earlier, was plausible only if Henry and his supporters were certain that the Princes were already dead. He explained how Henry VII had achieved what he set out to do, he had passed on the crown successfully. [14] In November 1476, Francis fell ill and his principal advisers were more amenable to negotiating with King Edward. A King from upstart usurper to renaissance monarch to Machiavellian schemer. [citation needed], To secure his hold on the throne, Henry declared himself king by right of conquest retroactively from 21 August 1485, the day before Bosworth Field. [56] This trade made an expensive commodity cheaper, which raised opposition from Pope Julius II, since the Tolfa mine was a part of papal territory and had given the Pope monopoly control over alum. Henry VIII had become heir to the throne when his elder brother, Arthur, died in 1502. What freezings have I felt, what dark days seen! Henry decided to keep Brittany out of French hands, signed an alliance with Spain to that end, and sent 6,000 troops to France. By 1900 the "New Monarchy" interpretation stressed the common factors that in each country led to the revival of monarchical power. [19] He marched toward England accompanied by his uncle Jasper and John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford. After his victory at Bosworth Field, Henry married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . In other cases, he brought his over-powerful subjects to heel by decree. The treaty marks a shift from neutrality over the French invasion of Brittany to active intervention against it. 1517. [citation needed] The first was the 1486 rebellion of the Stafford brothers, abetted by Viscount Lovell, which collapsed without fighting. [citation needed] Henry had been under the financial and physical protection of the French throne or its vassals for most of his life before becoming king. This was excellent. However, as France was becoming more concerned with the Italian Wars, the French were happy to agree to the Treaty of Etaples. [38], Unlike his predecessors, Henry VII came to the throne without personal experience in estate management or financial administration. [66], Henry wanted to maintain the Spanish alliance. I picked this audiobook up because it was narrated by Simon Vance. Before taking the throne, he was known as Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond. MP3 CD. Together, they had seven children. In many ways, it highlights that Henry VIII was a feckless inheritor of the tools of Machiavellian power, but had no idea to what productive end to put them. One interesting thing about him is his early youth and the fourteen years he spent in exile in France Brittany to be precise and those, I believe, made him the man he was eventually to become. Read all Directors Giulia Clark Stuart Elliott Writers The last few years of his reign were ones of repression. February 7 Sir Francis Bryan loses an eye and Henry VIII has a new love, An interview with historical novelist Sandra Byrd, Henry VIII and His Six Wives event open for registration.